%PDF-1.4 % 1 0 obj << /Title (The U.S. Intervention in Northern Mexico 1916-1917) /Author (Al Kugel) /Subject (This exhibit documents the postal history of the American military intervention in northern Mexico prior to our entry into World War I. There had been considerable political unrest and armed conflict between rival political factions in Mexico since the overthrow of President Diaz in 1911. By 1916, a number of local warlords were able to defy the central authorities and establish their own control over sizable areas of the country. One of these, Francisco \(Pancho\) Villa, was very popular in the State of Chihuahua and apparently felt that he was ready for the big time. On the morning of 9 March, he led 500 of his men across the border to raid Columbus, New Mexico looking for arms and ammunition. The ensuing battle lasted for three hours and left 76 Mexicans and 17 Americans dead. President Wilson immediately ordered Gen. John J. Pershing to organize a retaliatory campaign to capture Villa. This exhibit was created by, and is the property of the late Al Kugel, and is being supplied by his heirs as a courtesy to the Military Postal History Society. \(See http://militaryphs.org\) The Military Postal History Society \(MPHS\) is a non-profit organization for philatelists and stamp collectors interested in the collecting and studying of the postal aspects of all wars and military actions of all countries, including soldiers' campaign covers, naval mail, occupation and internment covers, patriotics, propaganda, V-mail, censorship and similar related material.) /Creator (Apache FOP) /Producer (Apache FOP Version 2.7) /CreationDate (D:20220821153135-05'00') >> endobj 2 0 obj << /N 3 /Length 3 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xgPTY{ MI$$A@wiAQdpFI AFQŀ((N#2"**K٭U[gxsOs[1M:1C H( JN !c sϑ>qyvy%. ʱlN2kwr4;- 8=%1 {iW-o!o\Vk ZkL0+ tj +|iA/o3`?(Of+yS/T7orL@ʿr` QWN = t8@W) Xo9 Ȁ